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"Belinsky" redirects here. For other uses, see .
A bust of Belinsky
A 1957 Vissarion Belinsky Soviet postage stamp
Vissarion Grigoryevich Belinsky (: Виссарио?н Григо?рьевич Бели?нский; IPA: ; June 11 [ May 30] 1811 – June 7 [ May 26] 1848) was a Russian literary critic of
tendency. He was an associate of ,
(he at one time courted one of his sisters), and other critical intellectuals. Belinsky played one of the key roles in the career of poet and publisher
and his popular magazine .
(now part of ), Vissarion Belinsky lived in the town of Chembar (now
of ) and in , where he studied in
he was a student of . In Moscow he published his first famous articles.
In 1839 Belinsky went to , Russia, where he became a respected critic and editor of two major :
("Notes of the Fatherland"), and Sovremennik ("The Contemporary"). In both magazines Belinsky worked with younger .
He was unlike most of the other Russian intellectuals of the 1830s and 1840s. The son of a rural medical doctor, he was not a wealthy aristocrat. The fact that Belinsky was relatively underprivileged meant, among other effects, that he was mainly self-educated, unlike Alexander Herzen or Mikhail Bakunin, this was partly due to being expelled from Moscow University for political activity. But it was less for his philosophical skill that Belinsky was admired and more for emotional commitment and fervor. “For me, to think, to feel, to understand and to suffer are one and the same thing,” he liked to say. This was, of course, true to the
ideal, to the beliefs that real understanding comes not only from mere thinking (), but also from intuitive insight. This combination of thinking and feeling pervaded Belinsky’s life.
Ideologically, Belinsky shared, but with exceptional intellectual and moral passion, the central value of most of
: the notion of the individual self, a person (lichnost’(личность)), that which makes people human, and gives them
and rights. With this idea in hand (which he arrived at through a complex intellectual struggle) faced the world around him armed to do battle. He took on much conventional philosophical thinking among educated Russians, including the dry and
of the German
and their Russian followers. In his words, “What is it to me that the Universal exists when the individual personality [lichnost’] is suffering.” Or: “The fate of the individual, of the person, is more important than the fate of the whole world.” Also upon this principle, Belinsky constructed an extensive critique of the world around him (especially the Russian one). He bitterly criticized
(as “trampling upon everything that is even remotely human and noble”) but also , , drunkenness,
coldness, and cruelty toward the less powerful (including women).
Belinsky worked most of his short life as a literary critic. His writings on literature were inseparable from these moral judgments. Belinsky believed that the only realm of freedom in the repressive reign of
was through the written word. What Belinsky required most of a work of literature was “truth.” This meant not only a probing portrayal of real life (he hated works of mere fantasy, or escape, or aestheticism), but also commitment to “true” ideas—the correct moral stance (above all this meant a concern for the dignity of individual people): As he told
(in a famous letter) the public “is always ready to forgive a writer for a bad book [i.e. aesthetically bad], but never for a pernicious one [ideologically and morally bad].” Belinsky viewed Gogol's recent book, Correspondence with Friends, as pernicious because it renounced the need to “awaken in the people a sense of their human dignity, trampled down in the mud and the filth for so many centuries.”
F.M. Dostoevsky read aloud at several public events Belinsky's letter, which called for the end of serfdom. A secret press was assembled to print and distribute Belinsky's letter. For these offenses Dostoevsky was arrested, convicted and condemned to death in 1849, a sentence later commuted to 4 years incarceration in the .
In his role as perhaps the most influential liberal critic and ideologist of his day, Belinsky advocated literature that was socially conscious. He hailed 's first novel,
(1845), however, Dostoevsky soon thereafter broke with Belinsky.
Inspired by these ideas, which led to thinking about radical changes in society’s organization, Belinsky began to call himself a
starting in 1841. Among his last great efforts were his move to join
in the popular magazine The Contemporary (also known as "Sovremennik"), where the two critics established the new literary center of
and Russia. At that time Belinsky published his Literary Review for the Year 1847.
In 1848, shortly before his death, Belinsky granted full rights to Nikolay Nekrasov and his magazine, The Contemporary ("Sovremennik"), to publish various articles and other material originally planned for an almanac, to be called the Leviathan.
Belinsky died of
on the eve of his arrest by the 's police on account of his political views. In 1910, Russia celebrated the centenary of his birth with enthusiasm and appreciation.
His surname has variously been spelled Belinsky or Byelinski. His works, in twelve volumes, were first published in . Following the expiration of the copyright in 1898, several new editions appeared. The best of these is by S. V it is supplied with profuse notes.
Belinsky early supported the work of . The two became close friends and Turgenev fondly recalls Belinsky in his book Literary Reminiscences and Autobiographical Fragments. The British writer
has a chapter on Belinsky on his 1978 book Russian Thinkers. Here he points out some deficiencies of Belinsky's critical insight:
He was wildly erratic, and all his enthusiasm and seriousness and integrity do not make up for lapses of insight or intellectual power. He declared that D that Fenimore Cooper was the equal of S that Othello was the product of a barbarous age...
But further on in the same essay, Berlin remarks:
Because he was naturally responsive to everything that was living and genuine, he transformed the concept of the critic's calling in his native country. The lasting effect of his work was in altering and altering crucially and irretrievably, the moral and social outlook of the leading younger writers and thinkers of his time. He altered the quality and the tone both of the experience and of the expression of so much Russian thought and feeling that his role as a dominant social influence overshadows his attainments as a literary critic.
Berlin's book introduced Belinsky to playwright , who included Belinsky as one of the principal characters (along with ,
and ) in his trilogy of plays about Russian writers and activists:
Selected Philosophical Works, Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, 1956.
Belinsky, Chernyshevsky & Dobrolyubov: Selected Criticism, Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1976.
Belinsky Street and Belinsky Lane, close to Red Square in Moscow, were named after Belinsky from . Many streets elsewhere in Russia still bear his name.
Leier, Mark (2006). . . p. 68.  .
"Dostoevsky", Joseph Frank, pps 157-73
Fyodor Dostoevsky ; translated and annotated by Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky. (1975), written at Leningrad, Pevear, R Volokhonsky, Larissa, eds., "Commentaries on Demons by Fyodor Dostoevsky", Soviet Academy of Sciences (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., published 1994) 12: 715,  
, Russian Thinkers, London, 1978
. My Past and Thoughts
A. Pypin, Belinsky: His Life and Correspondence, Saint Petersburg, 1876
, Literary Reminiscences and Autobiographical Fragments, New York, 1958
(1978), Vissarion Belinsky and the Dilemma of Nationality, Cairo, Egypt: Cairo Studies in English, vol. XXXII.
Petri Liukkonen. . Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Archived from
on 4 July 2013.
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