急求一篇5000字左右的英文文献(最好是经济或贸易相关)并附上中文翻译,_百度作业帮
急求一篇5000字左右的英文文献(最好是经济或贸易相关)并附上中文翻译,
急求一篇5000字左右的英文文献(最好是经济或贸易相关)并附上中文翻译,
楼上的英文文献根本就是google下面的华文文献,不顺的.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradehttp://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%BF%E6%98%93Trade is the voluntary exchange of goods, services, or both. Trade is also called commerce. A mechanism that allows trade is called a market. The original form of trade was barter, the direct exchange of goods and services. Modern traders instead generally negotiate through a medium of exchange, such as money. As a result, buying can be separated from selling, or earning. The invention of money (and later credit, paper money and non-physical money) greatly simplified and promoted trade. Trade between two traders is called bilateral trade, while trade between more than two traders is called multilateral trade.Trade exists for many reasons. Due to specialisation and division of labor, most people concentrate on a small aspect of production, trading for other products. Trade exists between regions because different regions have a comparative advantage in the production of some tradable commodity, or because different regions' size allows for the benefits of mass production. As such, trade at market prices between locations benefits both locations.Trading can also refer to the action performed by traders and other market agents in the financial markets.Trade originated with the start of communication in prehistoric times. Trading was the main facility of prehistoric people, who bartered goods and services from each other before the innovation of the modern day currency. Peter Watson dates the history of long-distance commerce from circa 150,000 years ago.[1]Trade is believed to have taken place throughout much of recorded human history. There is evidence of the exchange of obsidian and flint during the stone age. Materials used for creating jewelry were traded with Egypt since 3000 BC. Long-range trade routes first appeared in the 3rd millennium BC, when Sumerians in Mesopotamia traded with the Harappan civilization of the Indus Valley. The Phoenicians were noted sea traders, traveling across the Mediterranean Sea, and as far north as Britain for sources of tin to manufacture bronze. For this purpose they established trade colonies the Greeks called emporia. From the beginning of Greek civilization until the fall of the Roman empire in the 5th century, a financially lucrative trade brought valuable spice to Europe from the far east, including China. Roman commerce allowed its empire to flourish and endure. The Roman empire produced a stable and secure transportation network that enabled the shipment of trade goods without fear of significant piracy.The fall of the Roman empire, and the succeeding Dark Ages brought instability to Western Europe and a near collapse of the trade network. Nevertheless some trade did occur. For instance, Radhanites were a medieval guild or group (the precise meaning of the word is lost to history) of Jewish merchants who traded between the Christians in Europe and the Muslims of the Near East.The Sogdians dominated the East-West trade route known as the Silk Road after the 4th century AD up to the 8th century AD, with Suyab and Talas ranking among their main centeres in the north. They were the main caravan merchants of Central Asia.From the 8th to the 11th century, the Vikings and Varangians traded as they sailed from and to Scandinavia. Vikings sailed to Western Europe, while Varangians to Russia. The Hanseatic League was an alliance of trading cities that maintained a trade monopoly over most of Northern Europe and the Baltic, between the 13th and 17th centuries.Vasco da Gama restarted the European Spice trade in 1498. Prior to his sailing around Africa, the flow of spice into Europe was controlled by Islamic powers, especially Egypt. The spice trade was of major economic importance and helped spur the Age of Exploration. Spices brought to Europe from distant lands were some of the most valuable commodities for their weight, sometimes rivaling gold.In the 16th century, Holland was the centre of free trade, imposing no exchange controls, and advocating the free movement of goods. Trade in the East Indies was dominated by Portugal in the 16th century, the Netherlands in the 17th century, and the British in the 18th century. The Spanish Empire developed regular trade links across both the Atlantic and the Pacific Oceans.In 1776, Adam Smith published the paper An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. It criticised Mercantilism, and argued that economic specialisation could benefit nations just as much as firms. Since the division of labour was restricted by the size of the market, he said that countries having access to larger markets would be able to divide labour more efficiently and thereby become more productive. Smith said that he considered all rationalisations of import and export controls "dupery", which hurt the trading nation at the expense of specific industries.In 1799, the Dutch East India Company, formerly the world's largest company, became bankrupt, partly due to the rise of competitive free trade.In 1817, David Ricardo, James Mill and Robert Torrens showed that free trade would benefit the industrially weak as well as the strong, in the famous theory of comparative advantage. In Principles of Political Economy and Taxation Ricardo advanced the doctrine still considered the most counterintuitive in economics:When an inefficient producer sends the merchandise it produces best to a country able to produce it more efficiently, both countries benefit. The ascendancy of free trade was primarily based on national advantage in the mid 19th century. That is, the calculation made was whether it was in any particular country's self-interest to open its borders to imports.John Stuart Mill proved that a country with monopoly pricing power on the international market could manipulate the terms of trade through maintaining tariffs, and that the response to this might be reciprocity in trade policy. Ricardo and others had suggested this earlier. This was taken as evidence against the universal doctrine of free trade, as it was believed that more of the economic surplus of trade would accrue to a country following reciprocal, rather than completely free, trade policies. This was followed within a few years by the infant industry scenario developed by Mill promoting the theory that government had the "duty" to protect young industries, although only for a time necessary for them to develop full capacity. This became the policy in many countries attempting to industrialise and out-compete English exporters. Milton Freidman later continued this vein of thought, showing that in a few circumstances tariffs might be beneficial but never for the world at large.[2]The Great Depression was a major economic recession that ran from 1929 to the late 1930s. During this period, there was a great drop in trade and other economic indicators.The lack of free trade was considered by many as a principal cause of the depression. Only during the World War II the recession ended in United States. Also during the war, in 1944, 44 countries signed the Bretton Woods Agreement, intended to prevent national trade barriers, to avoid depressions. It set up rules and institutions to regulate the international political economy: the International Monetary Fund and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (later divided into the World Bank and Bank for International Settlements). These organisations became operational in 1946 after enough countries ratified the agreement. In 1947, 23 countries agreed to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade to promote free trade.Free trade advanced further in the late 20th century and early 2000s:1992 European Union lifted barriers to internal trade in goods and labour. January 1, 1994 NAFTA took effect 1994 The GATT Marrakech Agreement specified formation of the WTO. January 1, 1995 World Trade Organization was created to facilitate free trade, by mandating mutual most favoured nation trading status between all signatories. EC was transformed into the European Union, which accomplished the Economic and Monnetary Union (EMU) in 2002, through introducing the Euro , and creating this way a real single market between 13 member states as of January 1, 2007. 2005, the Central American Free Trade A It includes the United States and the Dominican Republic. [edit] Development of moneyMain article: History of money The first instances of money were objects with intrinsic value. This is called commodity money and includes any commonly-available commodity that historical examples include pigs, rare seashells, whale's teeth, and (often) cattle. In medieval Iraq, bread was used as an early form of money. In Mexico under Montezuma cocoa beans were money.Currency was introduced as a standardised money to facilitate a wider exchange of goods and services. This first stage of currency, where metals were used to represent stored value, and symbols to represent commodities, formed the basis of trade in the Fertile Crescent for over 1500 years.Numismatists have examples of coins from the earliest large-scale societies, although these were initially unmarked lumps of precious metal.[3]Ancient Sparta minted coins from iron to discourage its citizens from engaging in foreign trade.The system of commodity money in many instances evolved into a system of representative money. In this system, the material that constitutes the money itself had very little intrinsic value, but nonetheless such money achieves significant market value through scarcity or controlled supply.[edit] Current trends[edit] Doha roundsMain article: Doha roundThe Doha round of World Trade Organization negotiations aims to lower barriers to trade around the world, with a focus on making trade fairer for developing countries. Talks have been hung over a divide between the rich, developed countries, and the major developing countries (represented by the G20). Agricultural subsidies are the most significant issue upon which agreement has been hardest to negotiate. By contrast, there was much agreement on trade facilitation and capacity building.The Doha round began in Doha, Qatar, and negotiations have subsequently continued in: Cancún, M Geneva, S and Paris, France and Hong Kong.[edit] ChinaBeginning around 1978, the government of the People's Republic of China (PRC) began an experiment in economic reform. Previously the Communist nation had employed the Soviet-style centrally planned economy, with limited results. They would now utilise a more market-oriented economy, particularly in the so-called Special Economic Zones located in the Guangdong, Fujian, and Hainan. This reform has been spectacularly successful. By 2004, the GDP of the nation has quadrupled since 1978 and foreign trade exceeded USD 1 trillion. As of 2005, China had become the 3rd largest exporter behind Germany and the United States. This occurred in spite of the backlash from the shootings following Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. The PRC maintains a USD 29 billion trade surplus, and is rapidly becoming a leader in industrial manufacturing.In 1991 the PRC joined the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation group, a trade-promotion forum. More recently, in 2001 they also joined the World Trade Organization.International trade is the exchange of goods and services across national borders. In most countries, it represents a significant part of GDP. While international trade has been present throughout much of history (see Silk Road, Amber Road), its economic, social, and political importance have increased in recent centuries, mainly because of Industrialisation, advanced transportation, globalisation, multinational corporations, and outsourcing. In fact, it is probably the increasing prevalence of international trade that is usually meant by the term "globalisation".Empirical evidence for the success of trade can be seen in the contrast between countries such as South Korea, which adopted a policy of export-oriented industrialisation, and India, which historically had a more closed policy (although it has begun to open its economy, as of 2005). South Korea has done much better by economic criteria than India over the past fifty years, though its success also has to do with effective state institutions.Trade sanctions against a specific country are sometimes imposed, in order to punish that country for some action. An embargo, a severe form of externally imposed isolation, is a blockade of all trade by one country on another. For example, the United States has had an embargo against Cuba for over 40 years.Although there are usually few trade restrictions within countries, international trade is usually regulated by governmental quotas and restrictions, and often taxed by tariffs. Tariffs are usually on imports, but sometimes countries may impose export tariffs or subsidies. All of these are called trade barriers. If a government removes all trade barriers, a condition of free trade exists. A government that implements a protectionist policy establishes trade barriers.The fair trade movement, also known as the trade justice movement, promotes the use of labour, environmental and social standards for the production of commodities, particularly those exported from the Third and Second Worlds to the First World.Standards may be voluntarily adhered to by importing firms, or enforced by governments through a combination of employment and commercial law. Proposed and practiced fair trade policies vary widely, ranging from the commonly adhered to prohibition of goods made using slave labour to minimum price support schemes such as those for coffee in the 1980s. Non-governmental organizations also play a role in promoting fair trade standards by serving as independent monitors of compliance with fairtrade labelling requirements.Organization of tradePatterns of organizing and administering trade include:State control - trade centrally controlled by government planning. Laws regulating Trade and establishing a framework such as trade law, tariffs, support for intellectual property, opposition to dumping. Guild control - trade controlled by private business associations holding either de facto or government-granted power to exclude new entrants. In contemporary times, the language has evolved to business and professional organizations, often controlled by academia. For example in many states, a person may not practice the professions of engineering, law, law enforcement, medicine, and teaching unless they have a college degree and, in some cases, a license. Free enterprise - trade without signific market participants engage in trade based on their own individual assessments of risk and reward, and may enter or exit a given market relatively unimpeded. Infrastructure in support of trade, such as banking, stock market, Technology in support of trade such as electronic commerce, vending machines. [edit] International organizationsEuropean Common Market GATT = General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/WTO [World Trade Organization] G8 IMF = International Monetary Fund OPEC = Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries [edit] Free trade areasFree trade organizations or free trade areas European Free Trade Association Free Trade Area of the Americas NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement) Union of South American Nations [edit] United Nations umbrellaUNCTAD = United Nations Conference on Trade and Development ITC = International Trade Centre [edit] Types of tradeCommodities Staples Luxuries Slave trade International trade Arms trade Wholesaling Retailer Stock exchange Fair Trade [edit] See alsoLook up trade inWiktionary, the free dictionary.Market Segmentation Index Common market List of international trade topics Natural economy Offshore outsourcing Offshoring Public exchange Trade barrier Trade facilitation Trade route Trade statistics Trade war Trading blows Silent trade Roman commerce The Silk Route, Amber Road and other trade routes slave trade, fur trade, cod trade The rise of banking History of international trade Merchant adventurers and trading companies: British East India Company, Muscovy Company, Virginia Company, Hudson's Bay Company and others Mercantilism Industrial Revolution, Second Industrial Revolution Capitalism Innovations in transport Colonialism and neo-colonialism Commodities, goods and intellectual property E-commerce Globalisation Shopgrifting 贸易是自愿的货品或服务交换.贸易也被称为商业.贸易是在一个巿场裏面进行的.最原始的贸易形式是以物易物,即直接交换货品或服务.现代的贸易则普遍以一种媒介作讨价还价,如金钱.金钱的出现(以及后来的信用证、钞票以及非实体金钱)大大简化和促进了贸易.两个贸易者之间的贸易称为双边贸易,多於两个贸易者的则称为多边贸易. 贸易出现的原因众多.由於劳动力的专门化,个体只会从事一个小范畴的工作,所以他们必须以贸易来获取生活的日用品.两个地区之间的贸易往往是因为一地在生产某产品上有相对优势,如有较佳的技术、较易获取原材料等.国际贸易 公平贸易 反不正当竞争 国内贸易 贸易法 WTO 关税 双边贸易 多边贸易 走私
英文.1, 2003 China's foreign trade and exports in 2002 to continue the rapid growth momentum, export growth will fall in compensatory (1) 2003 the world economy and international trade and investme...您所在位置： &
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输出轴（CA6140车床）加工工艺及夹具设计[外文翻译+文献综述+开题报告].doc32页
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本科生毕业设计（论文）开题报告
论文 设计 题目
工艺及夹具设计
作者所在系
作者所在专业
作者所在班级
作 者 姓 名
作 者 学 号 19
指导教师姓名
指导教师职称
时 间 2 年
北华航天工业学院教务处制一是传递转矩，使主轴获得旋转的动力；二是工作过程中经常承受载荷；三是支撑传动零部件市场经济的前提下，一切都是为能创造出更多的财富和提高劳动率为目的，同样的加工方法的选择一般考虑的是在保证工件加工要求的前提下，译稿工件的加工效率和经济性，而在具体的选择上，一般根据机械加工资料和工人的经验来确定。由于方法的多种多样，工人在选择时一般结合具体的工件和现场的加工条件来确定最佳的加工方案。我国的数控床水平不错，每年都有大量出口，因为它简单，基本属于劳动密集型。金属加工主要是去除材料，得到想得到的金属形状。去除材料，主要靠车和铣，车床发展为数控车床，铣床发展为加工中心。高精度多轴机床，可以让复杂零件在精度和形状上一次到位，最新的复合数控机床几天甚至几个小时就全干好了，而且精度比你设计的还高。零件精度高就意味着寿命长，可靠性好。美国政府重视机床工业，美国国防部等部门因其军事方面的需求而不断提出机床的发展方向、科研任务,并且提供充足的经费，且网罗世界人才，特别讲究“效率”和“创新”，注重基础科研。德国政府一贯重视机床工业的重要战略地位，在多方面大力扶植数控机床主机及配套件之先进实用，其机、电、液、气、光、刀具、测量、数控系统、各种功能部件，在质量、性能上居世界前列。目前，较为流行的粗加工工艺是使用普通铣床和钻床；精加工采用数控磨床
正在加载中，请稍后...高分求任何与材料学相关的英文文献，要求有英文文献以及完整的中文翻译，字数在5000字左右。_百度知道
高分求任何与材料学相关的英文文献，要求有英文文献以及完整的中文翻译，字数在5000字左右。
高求任何与材料相关英文文献要求英文文献及完整文翻译字数<img class="word-replace" src="/api/getdecpic?picenc=0a007a00字左右我毕业设计要翻译跪求追加数邮箱
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最重要的是要翻译···有的话就直接发给我吧，我给分
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出门在外也不愁求一篇关于大数据的外文文献加翻译，翻译后的字数在，或者其他关于数据库的也行，必重赏啊-中国学网-中国IT综合门户网站
> 求一篇关于大数据的外文文献加翻译，翻译后的字数在，或者其他关于数据库的也行，必重赏啊
求一篇关于大数据的外文文献加翻译，翻译后的字数在，或者其他关于数据库的也行，必重赏啊
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为了帮助网友解决“求一篇关于大数据的外文文献加翻译，翻译后”相关的问题，中国学网通过互联网对“求一篇关于大数据的外文文献加翻译，翻译后”相关的解决方案进行了整理,用户详细问题包括:RT,我想知道:求一篇关于大数据的外文文献加翻译，翻译后的字数在，或者其他关于数据库的也行，必重赏啊，具体解决方案如下：解决方案1：童鞋你好!
这个估计需要自己搜索了!
网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的!
我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库:
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?ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
?Elsevier SDOL数据库 IEEE/IEE(IEL)
?EBSCOhost RSC英国皇家化学学会
?ACM美国计算机学会 ASCE美国土木工程师学会
?Springer电子期刊 WorldSciNet电子期刊全文库
?Nature周刊 NetLibrary电子图书
?ProQuest学位论文全文数据库
?国道外文专题数据库 CALIS西文期刊目次数据库
?推荐使用ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2
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中文翻译得自己做了，实在不成就谷歌翻译。
弄完之后，自己阅读几遍弄顺了就成啦!
学校以及老师都不会看这个东西的!
外文翻译不是论文的主要内容!
所以，很容易过去的!
祝你好运!通过对数据库的索引,我们还为您准备了：答：童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜索了！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库： ---------------------------------------------------------- &#10102;ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 &#1010...===========================================问：做毕业论文用的！关于水处理就行！关于渗滤液处理的更好！答：童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜索了！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库： ---------------------------------------------------------- ⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ⑵Elsevier SDO...===========================================问：做毕业论文用的！关于水处理就行！关于渗滤液处理的更好！答：已发，请查收，至于翻译得靠你自己了，急用的话多加点分悬赏，这样才有更多的知友及时帮助你===========================================问：发答：外文文献自己去sciencedirect，springerlink等外文数据库下载啊 去自己的学校图书馆主页会找到很多外文数据库的 中文文献到知网，维普等中文数据库下载，主页上也会有很多其他的 上面的下载方式很多的，但只有在校园网内免费获取 校园网外可以利...===========================================问：ANALYSIS OF PERFORMANCE OF PILE GROUPS 深基坑边的群桩性能分析答：1. The NASA Astrophysics Data System -- 世界最大免费全文网站，超过300,000篇全文 主要学科：天体物理学 2. HighWire Press -- 世界第二大免费全文网站，超过235，812篇全文 主要学科：生物学、医学 3. arXiv.org 主要学科：物理、数学、非线...===========================================问：The Nontradable Share Reform in the Chinese Stock Market 上面是题目...答：楼主啊，我看了下，能翻译的。若是要翻译，加l俺吧===========================================问：The Nontradable Share Reform in the Chinese Stock Market 上面是题目...答：童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜索了！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库： ---------------------------------------------------------- ⑴ISI web of knowledge Engineering Village2 ⑵Elsevier SDO...===========================================问：写论文需要外文文献，可以是关于电磁学实验，也可以是趣味实验，实在不...答：外文文献有，翻译没有，翻译得靠你自己了，如果需要回复邮箱地址即可，希望能满足你的需要，能帮到你，多多给点悬赏分吧，急用的话请多选赏点分吧，这样更多的知友才会及时帮到你，我找到也是很花时间的，直接百度私信或者Hi中留言贴出你需要的...===========================================问：写论文需要外文文献，可以是关于电磁学实验，也可以是趣味实验，实在不...答：童鞋你好！ 这个估计需要自己搜索了！ 当然了，如果果真找不到追问一下！ 网上基本很难找到免费给你服务的！ 我在这里给你点搜索国际上常用的外文数据库： ---------------------------------------------------------- ⑴ISI web of knowledge E...===========================================会计人员的双重身份就无法实现;单位领导人如何对会计数据的合法性、真实性负责也不... 决策的作用,从定量的角度来说,对于模糊性,我们可以采用模糊数学的方法进行处理。要...=========================================== 这是为了解决我们和我们的历史文献阅读收集的数据的分析,从9个工业工程 便雅悯... 但这些地区的工业工程是特别 由于工作的性质问题已经发生了很大的变化,在过去的5...=========================================== 5. 周转速度快 和其他传统的行业相比,IT行业的销售周转速度是最快的,对于运作产品... 所有源数据只需在某一个系统中输入一次,保证了数据的一致性。? ?对公司内部业务流...=========================================== (2)财务信息的即时生成,实现了财务管理由静态向动态管理的跨越。财务数据的处理... 家中或异地几乎所有的工作都可以在互联网计算机上完成,真正实现了"大企业变小,复杂...===========================================为预测小区建成后的环境质量须对拟建小区目前的环境质量状况进行背景调查和评价由... 数据做报告表的小项目一般不要求实地监测但对于以下6 种情况本着以人为本的思想从...===========================================,其中包括类似的资产和其他有关(如利率收益曲线或相关利率之间的利差)市场数据报价... 历史成本会计都会提供,但这些信息往往是不相关的批评,有关于减值测试则有相当大的...===========================================关于破产及其清算+之后的重组问题的实证研究。 有关发展和增长的问题都被写的没... 比如银行监管,你没有门路如何得到可靠地一手数据?至于证券投资风险研究,我个人觉得...===========================================度,然后知长短;物皆然,心为甚。" 刘劭《人物志》,"观其感变,以审常度。" 翻译后,名为... (eg题目代表全域,则题目是↑,数据结果也域,则数据也是↑)测量的编制实施,评分,解释都...===========================================迅速的进行;另一方面通过信息系统的数据汇总,进行预测分析,可控制物流成本发生的可... 使整个供应链利益最大化,从而有效降低企业物流成本。 恕我不才,只能找到一篇论文了...===========================================是全文的概括和浓缩,是论文内容不加评论和注释的简短陈述,是一篇有数据有结论的短... 确有必要提及他人的研究成果和基本原理时,只需以参考引文的形式标出文献即可.在引...===========================================
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