关于2014年tesco 企业会计准则2014丑闻和2003年ahold企业会计准则2014丑闻

每当谁家新屋落成,亲朋或好友就会送上这个礼物,寓意家庭幸福美满。公牛代表力量和勤劳,是家庭的保护神。
  094级战略核潜艇,北约代号:晋级。它是中国建造的排水量最大的潜艇。中国核潜艇
虽然有些学校有正式招生的权利,也能授予学位,但这只是有正式的法律认证形式,和教育
第一批国家红十字会之一,红十字会与红新月会国际联合会创始成员之一。防治和缓解人类
法国里昂罗纳-阿尔卑斯大区每年一度12月8日的灯光节已经有很悠久的历史了。1643年里昂整个地区都笼罩在...
英国特易购曝“假账丑闻” 董事长引咎辞职
  【环球网综合报道】据广播公司(BBC)10月25日消息,&英国最大零售商特易购(Tesco)近日被曝出虚报2.63亿英镑利润后,其股价应声下跌8%。其董事长理查德&布罗德本特(Richard&Broadbent)随后也宣布将离职。
  据悉,早前特易购承认上半年的盈利谎报了2.63亿英镑,超出上月预计的2.5亿英镑。
  而特易购近日发布的财报也显示,在其财政年度上半年,它的销量与利润剧降。除去汽油和新分店,销售量在今年上半年下降了4.4个百分点,税前利润跌至1.22亿英镑,与去年同期相比下降了90%多。这一利润包括一些一次性商品。税前潜在利润为7.89亿英镑,比分析员预期稍低。
  德勤会计事务针对特易购&假账门&的调查发现,特易购上半年谎报了1.18亿英镑,财政年度谎报7000万英镑,在此之前还谎报了7500万英镑。
  特易购则回应称,这一谎报事件并未涉及到欺诈或个人利益。德勤的报告已上交给金融市场行为监管局(FCA)和其他监管机构。(实习编译:盛莉敏&审稿:赵小侠)
责编:武帅
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24小时跟贴排行这份报告的目的是评估两个不同的帐户standar会计准则和国际财务报告准则下的两个食..
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[]特易购与会计
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Tesco and accounting
特易购与会计
Feeding the beast
BY BUTTONWOOD
IN HER excellent ,Lucy Prebble portrays the shadow companies set up by the energy giantas raptors, kept in the basement, but endlessly needing to be fed. It is hardnot to think of that scene when reading
today,which show a fall in pre-tax profits of 92%. The key part ofthe statement is that
amounts have been pulled forward or deferred, contrary to Tesco Group there have been similar practices in pri the current and prior practices appear to be linked as income pulled forward grew period by period
在露西·普雷布(Lucy Prebble)关于安然公司(Enron)的戏剧中,她将这家能源巨头的影子公司描述成猛禽,虽然它被关在地下室,却需要主人不断地喂养。今天特易购的中期业绩出来后,很难不去想象那样一种场景,因为报告显示特易购的税前利润下降了92%!报告中的关键部分是:
大量营收被提前列入或者成本被延迟计算,这不符合特易购集团的会计规则。在先前的报告期间也存在相似操作;提前计入的收入一期一期增加,这似乎是当前操作和先前操作相关联之处。
Full details will await the Financial Conduct Authority's investigation. But anyone who has studied corporate accounts will realise this is one of two familiar
profits are recognised earlyand/or costs are recognised late. It is easy to see how the problem snowballs.Say the company is struggling to meet a quarterly earnings target. Profitsare brought forward and the target is met. But of course those profits would have accrued in subsequent quarters so new wheezes need to be found to keep profits rising.
更多的细节需要等到金融市场行为监管局调查后才知道。但是每个学过公司会计的人会马上意识到这是两个相似问题中的一种:提早确认成本、延迟确认收入。我们可以很明显看出特易购的问题已经像滚雪球般存在很久了。也就是说该公司一直在努力挣扎,希望达到季度利润目标。所以利润被提前计入,这样目标就实现了。当然了,这些利润需要在接下来的季度里实现,因而为了确保利润能够增长,公司需要寻找新的招术。
The problem is that accounting is a very subjective business. If you sell goods, some may be faulty and need returning, which will hurt profits. But what proportion? And when?These are not answers to which the question can reliably be known in advance.Under pressure, it is easy to take the optimistic view.
但问题在于会计是一个主观性很强的事务。如果你销售商品,一些可能会损坏并且需要召回,这会削弱利润。但是有多少会损坏呢?它们会发生在什么时候呢?这些答案不是我们可以在事先就能得到可靠结果的那种。在这种压力下,采取乐观的态度是很容易的。
There is a revealing passage in the autobiography of Jack Welch, onetime head of GE, about the Kidder Peabody scandal (when a rogue trader at the group's investment banking subsidiary lost thegroup $350m) which
canbe. He wrote that
The response of our business leaders to the crisis was typical of the GE culture. Even though the books had closed on the quarter, many immediately offered to pitch in to cover the Kidder gap.Some said they could find an extra $10m, $20m, and even $30m from their businesses to offset the surprise.
通用的前任执行官杰克·韦尔奇(JackWelch)在他的自传里有谈到季德尔·皮博迪(Kidder Peabody)丑闻(当时集团投资银行子公司的一名流氓交易员让集团损失了3.5亿美元),书中揭示了会计可以变得多么主观。他写道:
商业领导对危机的反应具有典型的通用文化特点。即使季度账簿已经编制完,很多人立马提出可以帮助公司消掉季德尔所带来的损失。一些人说他们可以从他们的业务中获得到额外的一千万,两千万甚至三千万,从而冲销这起令人咋舌的丑闻。
Readers should bedeeply cynical of suggestions that accounts are
and that therefore historic valuation measures, like the cyclically-adjusted or Shiller price-earning ratio, are irrelevant. First, this is very hard to believe in an era when the short-term incentive to meet quarterly earnings target is so high, because executive share
whywould this lead to less accounting manipulation than the mid-20th century when the average holding period for investors was measured in years, not months, and executives got paid regardless of the share price?
读者应当愤慨那种说现代会计准则如今更加可靠的言论,以及那种关于历史成本计价法无关紧要的说法,这些方法有周期调整或者席勒(Shiller)的市盈率。第一点是,我们很难相信我们身处的时代,给予高层行政人员完成季度利润的短期激励如此之高,因为他们的股份认购依赖于利润。为什么这会造成比20世纪中期更少的会计操纵呢?当时投资者平均持有股票时间以年为单位,而不是月份,而且不管股价如何,高层行政人员都能得到收入。
One ,for example, found that nearly half of all companies shifted their financial year end by a month or two between 1993 and 2008. When this happens
Companies tend to report disproportionately high recurring operating expenses, such as the cost of goods sold, as well as high selling, general and administrative expenses (SGA) in the missing months, the study found. In fact, asubset of 224 companies in the study reported an an average extra after-tax loss equal to 4.7 percent of beginning book value of equity per month in themissing-month period.
举例来说,有一项研究发现在1993年和2008年,几乎一半公司改变了它们的财政结算日期,,一般相差一个月或两个月。当这种情况发生时:
研究发现,公司在“缺失的月份”里倾向于不合比例地报道高额的经常性运营支出,如商品销售成本,销售费用,一般费用和管理费用。事实上,研究的224个公司中的一些,与最初账簿中的所有者权益相比,他们在“缺失的月份”期间平均多出4.7%的税后损失。
A further irony is that analysts want to eliminate the 2008 earnings numbers from the Shiller comparisonbecause they artificially deflate the figures. One would have thought that aperiod of steadily rising profits, followed by a collapse, is apretty good indicator that earnings manipulation is afoot. James Montier of GMO dealt fairly neatly with this issue in a recent note (this is a , look for the CAPE crusader piece)
一件极具反讽的事情是分析师们试图从席勒模型比较中删除2008年的收入数字,因为他们人为地压低了数字。当一个人预期有增长的利润而结果却是滑铁卢,这当然是利润操纵会酝酿而生的绝佳信号。最近GMO的James Montier在处理这个问题上就做的十分漂亮。
Another current criticism of theShiller P/E is that the impact of goodwill impairment accounting (FASB 142) has led to a situation in which earnings are much more volatile than has been thecase historically, thus invalidating the earnings series that underpins the calculation.
关于席勒市盈率当前的另一个批评是商誉减损会计准则(FASA 142条)的冲击已经造成了一种情况,在这种情况下,收入比以往具有更大的波动性,因此使基于收入序列的计算变得无效。
To some extent this criticism isalready rebutted by the analysis above: 10-year average earnings are significantly above their trend. This is not suggestive of a situation whereby average earnings are being dragged down by the very low numbers recorded duringthe Global Financial Crisis. Much as it is tempting for those of a bullish nature to focus on the extent of the drawdown in earnings in 2008, they happily ignore the peak levels of earnings seen before the crisis, or indeed the rapid recovery in earnings (helped as it was by the suspension of FASB 157 onfinancials’ mark-to-market assets). This is why we average – it smooths out the highs and lows.
但在某种程度上这种批评已经被上述分析驳倒:十年平均收入明显超过他们的预测。这并不包括全球危机期间被严重拖垮的收入数据。正如那些倾向于看涨的人喜欢盯住2008年收入削减的程度,他们也容易快乐地就忽视了危机前的高潮,或者之后快速的恢复(FASB 157公允价值计量的暂停使用帮助了恢复)。这就是为什么我们平均化——它剃除了高潮和低谷。
The volatility of reported (GAAP)earnings is neatly captured in a thatcompares them with the profits numbers reported in the national accounts(NIPA). It finds that
在一篇比较由GAAP(一般公认会计原则)方式计量的收入和NIPA(美国:国民收入和生产账户)方式计量利润的文章中,GAAP原则下收入的波动性被很好的分析了。它发现:
Using a sample of aggregate GAAP and NIPA earnings over , the main findings are as follows. GAAP and NIPA earnings are in remarkable sync in the early years, with similar means and standard deviations, and with earnings changes correlating at 0.89 during. This close relation greatly deteriorates, however, during the secondhalf of the sample, . While the behavior of NIPA earnings remain sroughly the same over these two periods, the volatility of GAAP earnings increases ten-fold,and the correlation between GAAP and NIPA earnings changes falls to 0.35. Additional tests reveal that the increase in the volatility of GAAP earnings is mostly due to rapid earnings reversals, and especially the effectof large transient items during economic downturns
利用1950年至2010年GAAP和NIPA收入中的一些样本,主要发现如下:早期GAAP和NIPA收入数据明显同步,有着相似的均值和标准差,1950年至1980年相关系数达到0.89。然而在后半期的样本中,也就是1981年至2010年,这种紧密联系开始遭遇破坏。NIPA计算下的收入基本上平稳,而GAAP下的收入波动性上升十倍,二者之间的相关性跌落至0.35.另外一些测试发现了GAAP收入的波动性很大程度由于快速的收入逆转,特别是由于经济衰退中大量临时项目带来的影响。
Some of this volatility may indeedbe down to the use of mark-to-market accounting which means that changes in asset prices can affect the numbers. But why should that make one more relaxed about today's profits? First, the last 15 years have shown is that asset prices can change abruptly and second, central banks have done their best to prop up asset prices since 2008. Bulls also argue that there is no need to worry about the high ratio of US
because it is partly down to overseas profits. But that is another oddargument when the main worry in the markets is that the US economy is doing so much better than elsewhere.
一些波动性确实要归因于使用每日盯市的会计准则,这种原则意味着资产价格的变动可以影响收入。但是为什么这样会让一个人更乐意关注今天的利润呢?第一,过去的十五年已经表明资产价格可能会突然急剧变化;第二,08年伊始中央银行已经尽全力支撑资产价格。持牛市观点的人争论说没必要担心美国公司利润与GDP比率相当高,因为这部分源于美国有大量的海外利润。但这又是另外一个奇怪的观点,因为市场上一个蔓延的担忧就是为什么美国经济的表现比其他经济体好这么多。
What investors should take fromthe Tesco saga is a degree of caution. That Britain's premier retailer, one ofthe most widely held stocks that is followed by
can restate its profits so dramatically, is a sign that it can happen anywhere.
曾经传奇的特易购公司所赐予的传奇事件,投资者应当从中学会谨慎。这家英国领先的零售商,它还是近50位分析师跟踪分析且被广泛持有股份中的一只,如果它能这么令人震惊地重新陈述利润,那明显暗示着其他任何地方也会发生这种情景。
Missing months:这是公司变更财务结算日期的过度期间,一般是一两个月。这段期间不被计入季度报表中。2008年高盛成为银行控股公司后,将财务结算日期由11月改到12月,即所谓的日历年度(CalendarYear)。12月份高盛报出13亿美元的损失,而2009年一季度却有26亿美元的收入。这引起了《纽约时报》首席金融记者FloydNorris的注意。后来两位耶鲁大学教授KaiDu和FrankZhang发表了一篇论文:Orphans Deserve Attention:FinancialReporting in the Missing Months.即文中所说的研究。这在某种程度引起了一些注视。根据他们研究,很多公司都采取过变更结算日期策略。而在过度期间,即Missingmonths(或stubperiod,或orphanmonths),都会出现大量的成本支出。而这又不会算在新的季度报表里,卖方分析师、数据库以及媒体对MissingMonths都不太关心(另一原因是企业采取小心的策略使之被忽视或推迟发布),而公众的投资策略常常依赖这些人和媒体,所以问题显得比较严重。事实上,当企业申请变更结算日期,美国国税局(IRS)并需要企业提供任何理由。这在CFO网站有报道,译者亦亲自下载美国国税局申请表查验之,确实如此。
Correlating:相关性,即correlation coefficient,相关系数。统计学相关术语,一般是字母R(r)。取值范围在-1和1之间,符号代表相关方向。其绝对值越大说明相关性越强。
|r|&0.95 存在显著性相关;|r|≥0.8 高度相关;0.5≤|r|&0.8 中度相关;0.3≤|r|&0.5 低度相关;
Tesco:特易购,英国零售商。位列于美国Wal-mart,法国Carrefour之后的全球第三大零售商。它在英国成长迅速,所以作者称作它Saga不仅为他个人观点,但会计事件也堪称奇迹,所以这里面一语双关,极具反讽之意。特易购财务报表遭受重创是因为旗下一些部门造假,即所谓的需要被喂养的影子公司。另外,译者经验,特易购旗下的乐购超市里面一大特色是酒类非常丰富。
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积分原创译作
one of the most widely held stocks that is followed by almost 50 analysts&&它还是近50位分析师广泛持有股份中的一部分,
----她的股票被广泛持有,并被50位分析师跟踪分析,不是分析师持有股份
积分原创译作
profits are recognised early and/or costs are recognised late&&提早确认收入、延迟确认成本,会计专用的表述
historic valuation measures&&历史成本计价法,
积分原创译作
profits are recognised early and/or costs are recognised late&&提早确认收入、延迟确认成本,会计专用 ...
已全部修改。Thanks a lot
积分原创译作
Tesco国内有品牌的,叫做“乐购”,最好不要再创立一个牌子出来
积分原创译作
Tesco国内有品牌的,叫做“乐购”,最好不要再创立一个牌子出来
你好,乐购的Logo是”Tesco乐购“,Tesco是一个英国集团,其在英国注册名称为Tesco,即特易购。该集团旗下的超市在中国注册为乐购,其它还有乐都汇。它们都隶属于总公司——特易购集团。会计事件也是因为旗下食品部会计操纵,即所谓的需要喂饱的野兽。
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