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[sci科研论文教学课件]如何写摘要和引言Abstract and Introduction.ppt
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* Sophia Frangou Institute of Psychiatry, London Editor, European Psychiatry
Writing to get published
Abstract and Introduction
Before you start writing your manuscript you need to be clear about the following key issues
what is the most important message of your paper who you are yours readers
Specialist vs general readership
which journal you plan to submit your paper
Format, style and “spirit” of the journal
A “miniature” version of the paper
Focus on the key message
Introduction How did this paper come about
Sets the paper in the context of previous research
Explains what you wanted to contribute to existing evidence
Describes what your aims and predictions were
Introduction
The introduction is the “story” of how this paper came about
Key elements
Should provide the reader with all relevant information about what they need to know to place your study into its scientific context
Outline clearly the problem you are seeking to address
Explain explicitly the questions you are seeking to answer
Introduction
Inform the reader about what is already known and relevant to your paper
Background
Persuade the reader that there is an important problem to be addressed
State the important question the remains unanswered
which you are going to address
Explain how you addressed the
question in your research
Hypo theses State explicitly what your predictions were
Introduction
Background
Describe the current situation
before you did the study
in a way that will engage the reader
Include the most important and pertinent references which the reader expect you to include to show you are familiar with the field
Include references to your own work in the field
Summarise the relevant findings of previous studies in the fewest possible words You don't need to describe each study.
Avoid being over-critical of previous studies
some of the authors will probably be your reviewers
Introduction
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　　SCI论文中introduction的写法
　　introduction(前言、导言、绪言、序言)是正文的引子，相当于演说中的开场白。国内刊物introduction部分不需另立标题。introduction应当对正文起到提纲挈领和引导阅读兴趣的作用。在写introduction之前首先应明确几个基本问题：你想通过本文说明什么问题?它是否值得说明?本文将在什么杂志发表或本文的读者是什么人?在写introduction乃至整篇SCI论文时都应注意这几个问题。
　　introduction在内容上应包括：为什么要进行这项研究?立题的理论或实践依据是什么?拟创新点何在?理论与(或)实践意义是什么?告诉读者你为什么要进行这项研究是introduction的主要内容和目的，这其中也包括说明这项研究的理论和(或)实践意义。
　　语句要简洁、开门见山，如“重型继发性脑室出血临床表现严重，预后差，病死率高。本文着重探讨用双侧侧脑室穿剌交替引流尿激酶溶解血凝块冲洗结合腰穿脑脊液置换的方法治疗重型继发性脑室出血”。有时我们研究的项目是别人从未开展过的，这时创新性是显而易见的，如“左旋咪唑所至脑病患者的临床与CT表现国内陆续有报道,但未见磁共振成像的研究”。大部分情况下，我们所研究的项目是前人开展过的，这时说明你的研究与别人的研究的本质区别和创新点是至关重要的，如“已有数项研究探讨了阿斯匹林在缺血性脑卒中的应用，但这些研究均是小规模、非双盲对照的。本研究则采用双盲对照的方法，样本大、观察时间长”。在introduction中对与本文相关的研究作一简要的回顾是十分必要的。在研究开始以前就应该对与本研究相关的内容作一系统的回顾，在introduction中可以将回顾的结果作简要的概括。
　　introduction的写作在包括上述内容的同时要注意以下事项：
　　①内容切忌空泛，篇幅不宜过长。回顾历史择其要点,背景动态只要概括几句即可,引用参考文献不宜过多。
　　根据以往的经验，一篇字的论文introduction字数在150～250字较为恰当。
　　②不必强调过去的工作成就。回顾作者以往的工作只是为了交待此次写作的基础和动机，而不是写总结。评价论文的价值要恰如其分，实事求是，慎用“首创”、“首次发现”、“达到国际一流水平”、“填补了国内空白”等提法。因为首创必须有确切的资料。对此，可以用相对较委婉的说法表达，如“就所查文献，未见报道”等。
　　③不要重复教科书或众所周知的内容。如在讨论维生素D是否能预防骨质疏松的文章中，没有必要再说明什么是维生素D，什么是骨质疏松。
　　④introduction只起引导作用，可以说明研究的设计，但不要涉及本研究的数据、结果和结论，少与提要和正文重复。结果是通过实验或临床观察所得，而结论是在结果的基础上逻辑推理提升的见解。在introduction中即对结论加以肯定或否定是不合逻辑的。
　　⑤introduction一般不另列序号及标题。
　　本文摘自达晋医学编译，转载请注明出处。
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Powered by请问英语论文中的thesis statement和outline还有introduction怎么写？_百度知道
请问英语论文中的thesis statement和outline还有introduction怎么写？
我有更好的答案
My introduction
Hello, Everybody! I am very glad to stand here to give you my introduction. My name is Huangxinyu. I am studying in Class 3, Grade5.I love my school because it’s very beautiful. I have many hobbies, such as reading books, listening to music surfing the Internet and traveling. But listening to music is my favorite. I like pop music best. Because of the busy study, I don’t have much free time to practice
singing. What a pity! I am
girl. I like making friends and chatting with them. I am good at Math and English and I like English better. In my opinion, it’s very easy and fun. Use English and with them is a great cha...
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出门在外也不愁您的位置： &>&&>&
写好论文、策划文案及工作报告的十大技巧
来源：原版英语&&日期：&&阅读
次&&作者:&&&&&&&&
Top 10 tips for writing a paper
写好论文的十大技巧
作者：Jim Kurose
1.Every paper tells a story
每篇论文都讲述了一个故事。
what is the &elevator pitch& of your story? elevator pitch = summary that is short enough to give during an elevator ride
换句话说，你的&电梯陈述&（elevator pitch）是什么？如何利用搭乘电梯的短暂时间向别人陈述足够精炼的总结？
the story is not what you did, but rather what you show, new ideas, new insights？why interesting, important?
这个故事讲的不是你做了什么，而是你要展示什么。有没有新的想法，新的见解，它们为什么有趣、重要？
why is the story of interest to others? universal truths, hot topic, surprises or unexpected results?
为什么别人会对你的故事感兴趣？发现了普遍的真理，触及了热点话题，让人吃惊，还是有出人意料的结果？
know your story!
了解你的故事！
2.Write top down
按照自顶向下的顺序写作
计算机科学家（以及大多数人）以这种方式思考问题
computer scientists (and most human beings) think this way!
先陈述宽泛的主题或想法，然后再进入细节。一定要交代背景！
state broad themes/ideas first, then go into detail. context, context, context
即使进入了细节，也要自顶向下来写！
even when going into detail & write top down!
3.Introduction: crucial, formulaic
Introduction：至关重要，已经程式化
如果读者没有被介绍部分打动，论文就失败了
if reader not excited by intro, paper is lost
第1段：写作动机：很宽泛，问题领域是什么，为什么重要？
para. 1: motivation: broadly, what is problem area, why important?
第2段：缩小范围：你具体考虑的问题是什么？
para. 2: narrow down: what is problem you specifically consider
第3段：&In the paper, we &.&：最重要的一段，写出你的电梯陈述
para. 3: &In the paper, we &.&: most crucial paragraph, tell your elevator pitch
第4段：和其它研究结果相比，有怎样的不同/更好/相关之处？
para. 4: how different/better/relates to other work
第5段：&The remainder of this paper is structured as follows&
para. 5: &The remainder of this paper is structured as follows&
4.paragraph = ordered set of topically-related sentences
段 = 一些相关话题的句子的有序集合
lead sentence: sets context for paragraph, might tie to previous paragraph
每段头一句：为这一段设定背景；有可能起到承上启下的作用
sentences in paragraph should have logical narrative flow, relating to theme/topic
段落中的句子应该扣住主题，按照逻辑关系进行陈述
don&t mix tenses in descriptive text
不要在描述性的文字里混合不同的时态
one sentence paragraph: warning!
只有一句的段落：慎用！
5.Put yourself in place of the reader
将自己摆在读者的位置
less is more:&I would have sent you less if I had had time&, take the time to write less
Less is more：花些时间写得更简练
readers shouldn&t have to work, won&t& &dig& to get story, understand context, results
读者不应该花费太多精力去理解你的故事、背景、结果
need textual signposts to know where &story& is going, context to know where they are
需要一些路标性的文字让读者知道故事进行到哪里了以及相关的背景。
good: &e.g., Having seen that & let us next develop a model for &. Let Z be &.&
好: &e.g., Having seen that & let us next develop a model for &. Let Z be &.&
bad: &Let Z be&
糟: &Let Z be&
what does reader know/not know, want/not want? write for reader, not for yourself
了解读者知道什么，不知道什么，想要什么，不想要什么。论文是为读者写的，不是为你自己。
page upon page of dense text is no fun to read
一页又一页密密麻麻的文字会让人读起来索然无味
avoid cramped feeling of tiny fonts, small margins
避免使用难以辨认的字体和太小的页边距
create openess with white space: figures, lists
利用图表在文字间开辟一些空白区域
enough context/ for reader to understand what you write?
是否有足够的信息（包括背景知识）让读者理解你所写的
no one has as much background/content as you
没有人拥有和你一样多的背景知识
no one can read your mind
没有人能读懂你的心思
all terms/notation defined?
有没有未定义的术语/符号？
6. No one (not even your mother) is as interested in this topic as you
没有人对这个话题和你一样感兴趣
so you had better be (or appear) interested
所以你最好表现得很有兴趣
tell readers why they should be interested in your &story&
告诉读者为什么他们应该对你的故事感兴趣
don&t overload reader with 40 graphs:
别逼读者读你论文中的40幅图
think about main points you want to convey with graphs
考虑一下你想用图传递的主要信息
can&t explore entire parameter space
不可能探讨整个参数空间
don&t overload reader with pages of equations
别逼读者读满篇的方程式
put long derivations/proofs in appendix, provide sketch in body of paper
将很长的推导或证明放在附录中，只在正文部分提供摘要
7.State the results carefully
谨慎地陈述结果
clearly state assumptions (see overstate/understate your results)
清晰地说明假设（见9）
experiment/simulation description: enough info to nearly recreate experiment/description
对实验/仿真的描述：需要足够的信息来重现实验以及相关描述
simulation/measurements: statistical properties of your results (e.g., confidence intervals)
仿真/测量：你的结果的统计学性质
are results presented representative? or just a corner case that makes the point you want to make
试验结果有代表性吗？还是说只是为了达到你的目的而进行的一个特殊用例
8.Don&t overstate/understate your results
不要夸大你的结果，也不要太保守
overstatement mistake: when only actually shown for one/small/limited cases
夸大型错误（如果只是针对一个/很少/有限的用例做出的结果）：
&We show that X is prevalent in the Internet&
&We show that X is better than Y&
understatement mistake: fail to consider broader implications of your work
保守型错误：没有认识到你的工作引申出来的意义
if your result is small, interest will be small
如果结果不引人注意，读者就没有兴趣
&rock the world&
&rock the world&
9.Study the art of writing
写作的艺术
writing well gives you an &unfair advantage&
高超的写作技巧可以让你拥有&不公平的优势&
writing well matters in getting your work published in top venues
写作技巧关系到你的论文能不能发表在顶级的期刊上
highly recommended:
强烈推荐（书籍）：
The Elements of Style, W. Strunk, E.B. White, Macmillan Publishing, 1979（PDF格式下载 ）
Writing for Computer Science: The Art of Effective Communication, Justin Sobel, Springer 1997.
你认为谁是你们领域最会写作的：他们的风格
who do you think are the best writers in your area: study their style
10. Good writing takes times
写作需要花费一定时间
give yourself time to reflect, write, review, refine
给自己一些时间来构思、写作、审查、修改论文
give others a chance to read/review and provide feedback
让别人阅读/审查你的论文然后给你反馈
get a reader&s point of view
了解读者的视角
find a good writer/editor to critique your writing
找一个好的论文写手或者编辑评价你的写作
starting a paper three days before the deadline, while results are still being generated, is a non-starter
如果你在最后期限的三天前才开始动笔，而这时实验结果还正在生成，那你的论文根本没有希望完成
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