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for a number of reasons, such as keeping FT Sites reliable and secure, personalising content and ads, providing social media features and to analyse how our Sites are used.How do mobile phones work?| Explore | physics.org
How do mobile phones work?
With the arrival of the mobile phone in the 1980s, communications were no longer tethered to homes, offices or payphones. But the really clever invention wasn&t the phone itself but the cellular network that supported it.How do mobile phones work?Imagine calling a friend on the other side of town. As you chat away, your phone converts your voice into an electrical signal, which is then transmitted as& radio waves and converted back into sound by your friend&s phone.& A basic mobile phone is therefore little more than a combined radio transmitter and a radio receiver, quite similar to a walkie-talkie or CB radio.In order to remain portable, mobile phones need to have relatively compact antennas and use a small amount of power. This means that mobile phones can send a signal over only a very short range, just like a walkie-talkie. The cellular network, however, enables you to spread the latest gossip regardless of how far away your friends are. This is done by dividing up land into a patchwork of &cells& & hexagonal areas of land each equipped with their own phone mast (also called a base station).These huge phone masts pick up the weak signal from your phone and relay it onwards to another phone mast nearer to your friend. And if you&re on the move while you talk, your phone switches masts as you go without interrupting your call.Staying in touchCells also solve another conundrum & there are a limited number of radio frequencies available to mobile phone networks (typically about 800). Furthermore, a mobile phone conversation requires one frequency for speaking (transmitting) and one for listening (receiving). As a consequence, just 400 conversations could use up all the available bandwidth.But using cells means that the same frequencies can be re-used by each cell. In busy areas such as city centres, a denser network of phone masts and smaller cells ensure there are enough frequencies for everyone. It&s therefore rare for available frequencies to run out, except at really hectic times like midnight on New Year&s Eve.Navigate to... & & && Let us know what you think of these pages -
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第一章 科技英语翻译的基本技巧.ppt 57页
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第一章 科技英语翻译的基本技巧.ppt
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高分子材料专业英语课件 第一章
科技英语翻译的基本知识
科技英语的特点 第二节
科技英语的翻译标准 第三节
科技英语的特点
科技英语一般具有结构严密、语言严谨、逻辑关系明显、叙述客观以及新术语及缩写词汇多等特点。这些特点主要反映在以下几个方面：
一、新术语多
Semi-Custom integrated circuit
半定制集成电路
二、缩写词汇多
SBR (synthetic rubber)
PVC (polyvinyl chloride) ?聚氯乙烯
三、被动语态多
科技英语描述客观事物，要求见物、见动作，尽量避免个人感觉和判断，因此大量使用被动语态。例如，一般不采用
“We may change
electrical
of energy”而用 “Electrical energy may be changed to other form of energy ”(电能可转换为其他形式的能)。
四、长句多
科技英语着重事实和逻辑推导，因而往往需要采取一气呵成的方式，力求达到完整而充分的说明，这就得求助于复杂和扩张的结构，使句子变得很长。例如：
The monomers can be identical , or in complex polymers such as proteins, the monomers have one or more substituted chemical groups , this gives them the ability to inhibit other conformations than random coil by the process of self-assembly.
单体可以是完全相同的，也可以像结构复杂的高分子如蛋白质的单体含有一个或多个化学取代基，这些取代基可以使得蛋白质在自组装过程中不会呈现无规线团构象。 第二节
科技英语的翻译标准
科技英语的翻译标准和普通英语的翻译标准一样，也是要求做到“信、达、雅”；但在科技英语翻译中，对译文的主要要求是准确、通顺。下面就准确、通顺这两项要求分别举例说明。
一、关于准确
准确是对译文的首要要求，要达到准确，就要对原文的语法关系和技术含义有透彻的理解，否则就可能差之毫厘、失之千里。试看下例：
1. The transmitter did not operate as we had expect.
误译：发报机如我们预期的那样不工作。
正译：发报机不象我们预期的那样工作。
此句的误译与正译，在概念上正好相反。误译是按字面直译，不懂得not在原文中虽否定谓语，但在译文中则应否定后续状语。
2．All these TV sets are not new, but they are available．
误译：这些电视机并非都是新的，但它们都可用。
正译：这些电视机都不新，但都可用。
此句的误译与正译，在概念上也差异悬殊。误译是由于把句中出现的“All+…+not…”搭配词，不加区别地当作部分否定看待。这里忽略了这样一个细节，即：在“all”之后和在被限定的名词之前，如果出现“数词、these或this”作限定词时，则句中纵然出现“All+…+not...”的搭配词，仍应作全部否定解，而不应看作部分否定。因此，本句应译成 “…都不…”，而不应译成“…并非都…”。
二、关于通顺
通顺是对译文的必要要求。要使译文通顺，就要在忠实于原意的前提下，对表达形式采取一定的灵活处理，亦即灵活地运用各种翻译方法和技巧。试看下例：
If the design problem is rather complicated an electronic computer can solve it within sixteen hours after running through 16,000 possible designs.
这个设计问题虽然非常复杂,但是电子计算机快速审阅了16,000个可供选择的设计方案之后，便在16个小时之内解决了这个问题。
译文在忠实于原文的
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