求一篇3000以上单词金融危机英文论文没办法,要求啊_百度作业帮
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求一篇3000以上单词金融危机英文论文没办法,要求啊
求一篇3000以上单词金融危机英文论文没办法,要求啊
随着经济的全球化以及我国逐步开放金融业,我国的金融体系越来越成为世界金融体系不可分割的一部分.然而20世纪以来频繁发生的金融危机却明白无误地昭示着金融危机的危害性.尤其是对于我们这样一个大国而言,金融危机在某种意义上可能就是一个灾难性的结果.虽然我国迄今还未曾在发生金融危机,但是这并不意味着我国的经济结构和金融体系有多么健全,而更多地可归结为我国先前所处的封闭状态.事实上,国外近年来关于中国爆发金融危机的论调几乎就不曾停止过.比如尼古拉斯•拉迪就认为,中国的金融危机早已成熟,唯一缺乏的是引发危机全面爆发的导火索（吴传俯,2003）.更有《远东经济评论》2002年发表文章认为“中国金融系统在走向毁灭”.虽然这些观点各有其出发点,但是中国经济体系内部存在着许多诱发金融危机的因素却是不争的事实.因此,在金融开放已成为趋势的当前,从其他国家发生的金融危机中汲取经验,防范金融危机并且增强自身抵御金融危机的能力就更显得迫切而重要. 一、理论综述 关于金融危机,比较权威的定义是由戈德斯密斯（1982）给出的 ,是全部或大部分金融指标——短期利率、资产（资产、证券、房地产、土地）价格、商业破产数和金融机构倒闭数——的急剧、短暂和超周期的恶化.其特征是基于预期资产价格下降而大量抛出不动产或长期金融资产,换成货币.金融危机可以分为货币危机、债务危机、银行危机等类型.而近年来的金融危机越来越呈现出某种混合形式的危机. （一）马克思的金融危机理论 马克思关于金融危机的理论是在批判李嘉图的“比例”理论、萨伊的“市场均衡法则”的基础上建立的.马克思指出,货币的出现使商品的买卖在时间上和空间上出现分离的可能性,结果导致货币与商品的转化过程出现不确定性,而货币作为支付手段的职能在客观上又会产生债务支付危机的可能性；因此,导致金融危机和经济危机的可能性的关键在于商品和货币各自不同的独立运动价值特性.而只要商品、货币存在,经济危机就不可避免,并且会首先表现为金融危机. 马克思进一步指出,“一旦劳动的社会性质表现为商品的货币存在,从而表现为一个处于现实生产之外的东西,独立的货币危机或作为现实危机尖锐化的货币危机,就是不可避免的.” 可见,马克思是将货币金融危机分为两种类型：伴随经济危机发生的货币金融危机和独立的货币金融危机.伴随经济危机的金融危机主要是以市场竞争、资本积累以及信用发展等因素为现实条件,而独立的货币金融危机则是金融系统内部紊乱的结果.同时马克思特别强调了银行信用在缓和和加剧金融危机中的作用. 总的来说,马克思认为金融危机是以生产过剩和金融过剩为条件,表现为企业和银行的流动性危机、债务支付危机,但是其本质上是货币危机. （二）西方的金融危机理论 早期比较有影响的金融危机理论是由Fisher（1933）提出的债务－通货紧缩理论.Fisher认为,在经济扩张过程中,投资的增加主要是通过银行信贷来实现.这会引起货币增加,从而物价上涨；而物价上涨又有利于债务人,因此信贷会进一步扩大,直到“过度负债”状态,即流动资产不足以清偿到期的债务,结果引起连锁的债务－通货紧缩过程,而这个过程则往往是以广泛的破产而结束.在Fisher的理论基础上,Minsky（1963）提出“金融不稳定”理论,Tobin（1980）提出“银行体系关键”理论,Kindleberger（1978）提出“过度交易”理论, M.H.Wolfson（1996）年提出“资产价格下降”理论,各自从不同方面发展了Fisher的债务－通货紧缩理论. 70年代以后的金融危机爆发得越来越频繁,而且常常以独立于实际经济危机的形式而产生.在此基础上,金融危机理论也逐渐趋于成熟化.从70年代到90年代大致分为三个阶段.第一阶段的金融危机模型是由P.Krugman（1979）提出的,并由R.Flood和P.Garber加以完善和发展,认为宏观经济政策和汇率制度之间的不协调是导致金融危机的原因；第二阶段金融危机模型是由以M.Obstfeld（）为代表,主要引入预期因素,对政府与私人之间进行动态博弈分析,强调金融危机由于预期因素存在的自促成性质以及经济基础变量对于发生金融危机的重要作用.1997年亚洲金融危机以后,金融危机理论发展至第三阶段.许多学者跳出货币政策、汇率体制、财政政策、公共政策等传统的宏观经济分析范围,开始从金融中介、不对称信息方面分析金融危机.其中有代表性的如Krugman(1998)提出的道德风险模型,强调金融中介的道德风险在导致过度风险投资既而形成资产泡沫化中所起的核心作用；流动性危机模型（J.Sachs,1998）,侧重于从金融体系自身的不稳定性来解释金融危机形成的机理；“孪生危机”( Kaminsky & Reinhart, 1998 ) ,从实证方面研究银行业危机与货币危机之间固有的联系. 二、金融危机的国际经验与教训 从历史上看,早期比较典型的金融危机有荷兰的“郁金香狂热”、英格兰的南海泡沫、法国的密西西比泡沫以及美国1929年的大萧条等等.由于篇幅所限,本文仅回顾20世纪90年代以来所发生的重大金融危机,并试图从中找出导致金融危机发生的共同因素,以为我国预防金融危机提供借鉴. （一）90年代一共发生了五次大的金融危机,根据时间顺序如下： 1.年的欧洲货币危机 90年代初,两德合并.为了发展东部地区经济,德国于日将其贴现率提高至8.75％.结果马克汇率开始上升,从而引发欧洲汇率机制长达1年的动荡.金融风波接连爆发,英镑和意大利里拉被迫退出欧洲汇率机制.欧洲货币危机出现在欧洲经济货币一体化进程中.从表面上看,是由于德国单独提高贴现率所引起,但是其深层次原因是欧盟各成员国货币政策的不协调,从而从根本上违背了联合浮动汇率制的要求,而宏观经济政策的不协调又与欧盟内部各成员国经济发展的差异紧密相连. 2.年的墨西哥金融危机. 日,墨西哥突然宣布比索对美元汇率的波动幅度将被扩大到15％,由于经济中的长期积累矛盾,此举触发市场信心危机,结果人们纷纷抛售比索,1995年初,比索贬值30％.随后股市也应声下跌.比索大幅贬值又引起输入的通货膨胀,这样,为了稳定货币,墨西哥大幅提高利率,结果国内需求减少,企业大量倒闭,失业剧增.在国际援助和墨西哥政府的努力下,墨西哥的金融危机在1995年以后开始缓解.墨西哥金融危机的主要原因有三：第一、债务规模庞大,结构失调；第二、经常项目持续逆差,结果储备资产不足,清偿能力下降；第三、僵硬的汇率机制不能适应经济发展的需要. 3.年的亚洲金融危机 亚洲金融危机是泰国货币急剧贬值在亚洲地区形成的多米诺骨牌效应.这次金融危机所波及的范围之广、持续时间之长、影响之大都为历史罕见,不仅造成了东南亚国家的汇市、股市动荡,大批金融机构倒闭,失业增加,经济衰退,而且还蔓延到世界其它地区,对全球经济都造成了严重的影响.亚洲金融危机涉及到许多不同的国家,各国爆发危机的原因也有所区别.然而亚洲金融危机的发生决不是偶然的,不同国家存在着许多共同的诱发金融危机产生的因素,如宏观经济失衡,金融体系脆弱,资本市场开放与监控,货币可兑换与金融市场发育不协调等问题.With the globalization of the economy and the gradual opening up of China's financial sector, China's financial system is the world's financial system has increasingly become an integral part. Since the 20th century, however frequent the financial crisis has clearly demonstrated the danger of a financial crisis. Especially for a big country like ours, the financial crisis may in a sense is a disastrous outcome. Although not yet in the event of financial crisis, but this does not mean that China's economic structure and how a sound financial system, and more can be attributed to China's closed earlier. In fact, in recent years, foreign financial crisis on China's argument almost never stopped. • For example, Nicholas Lardy on China's financial crisis is already mature, the only lacking is full-blown crisis of the fuse (down Wu, 2003). More, "Far Eastern Economic Review" published an article in 2002 that "China's financial system in the direction of destruction." Although these views have their starting point, but within the Chinese economy there are many factors that trigger the financial crisis, it is an undisputed fact. As a result, has become the trend of financial liberalization of the current, which occurred from other countries learn from the experience of the financial crisis and prevent financial crises and to strengthen its ability to withstand the financial crisis is all the more urgent and important. I. Theory On the financial crisis, the authority of the definition of comparison is by Goldsmith (1982) given that all or most of the financial indicators - short-term interest rates, assets (assets, securities, real estate, land) prices, the number of business bankruptcy and the closure of a number of financial institutions - the sharp, short and ultra-cycle deterioration. Its characteristics is based on the expected decline in asset prices and a large number of out of real estate or long-term financial assets into the currency. Financial crisis can be divided into currency crises, debt crises, banking crises, such as the type. In recent years more and more of the financial crisis showed a mixed form of crisis. (A) Marx's theory of financial crisis Marxist theory on the financial crisis in the Ricardian criticism of the "proportional" theory, say the "market equilibrium rule" based on the. Marx pointed out that the emergence of the currency of the sale of goods in time and space emerged the possibility of separation, resulting in the conversion of currency and commodity process uncertainty, and currency as a means of payment in the objective function of the debt will have to pay the pos therefore, lead to a financial crisis and economic crisis lies in the possibility of their goods and monetary value of different characteristics of the independence movement. And so long as the commodity, currency exists, the economic crisis is inevitable, and will first be reflected in the financial crisis. Marx further pointed out that "once the performance of the social nature of labor as a commodity currency exists, and thus the performance of the production of a reality other than in things, an independent monetary crisis or acute crisis, as the reality of the currency crisis is inevitable." Can be seen Marx is the monetary and financial crisis will be divided into two types: with the economic crisis occurred in the monetary and financial crisis and an independent monetary and financial crisis. With the economic crisis of the financial crisis is based on market competition, capital accumulation, as well as the development of factors such as credit for the actual conditions, and an independent monetary and financial crisis in the financial system is the result of internal disorder. At the same time, special emphasis on Marxism in easing bank credit and increased the role of the financial crisis. In general, Marx believed that the financial crisis is overproduction and a surplus for the financial conditions, performance for the enterprise and banking liquidity crisis, debt payment crisis, but it is essentially a currency crisis. (B) the Western theory of financial crisis Comparison of influential early theory of the financial crisis by Fisher (1933) raised the debt - deflation theory. Fisher believes that the process of economic expansion, the increase in investment was mainly achieved through bank credit. This will cause an increase in currency in orde and inflation and in favor of the debtor, the credit will be further expanded, until the "over-indebtedness", and that is not enough liquid assets maturing debt obligations outstanding, the result was a chain reaction of debt - deflation process and this process is often the end of a wide range of bankruptcy. In the basis of Fisher's theory, Minsky (1963) put forward the "financial instability" theory, Tobin (1980) that "the key to the banking system" theory, Kindleberger (1978) that "excessive trading" theory, MHWolfson (1996) put forward " decline in asset prices "theory, the different aspects of their development from the Fisher's debt - deflation theory. 70 since the outbreak of the financial crisis are becoming more and more frequent, and often independent of the actual form of the economic crisis arising. On this basis, the theory of financial crises are becoming more and more mature. From 70's to 90's roughly divided into three stages. The financial crisis in the first phase of the model is by P. Krugman (1979) put forward by R. Flood and P. Garber and development to perfect that the macroeconomic policies and exchange rate system is the lack of coordination between the causes
the second phase of financial crisis, the model is by M. Obstfeld (), represented mainly the introduction of the expected factors, between the Government and the private sector dynamic game analysis, stressing that the financial crisis as a result of factors expected to contribute to the nature of the self as well as economic the basis of variables for the occurrence of the important role of the financial crisis. The 1997 Asian financial crisis, the financial crisis to the third phase of theoretical development. Many scholars out of monetary policy, exchange rate system, fiscal policy, public policy, such as the traditional scope of macroeconomic analysis, from the financial intermediation, asymmetric information analysis of the financial crisis. One representative, such as Krugman (1998) raised the risk of moral hazard model, to emphasize the moral hazard of financial intermediaries in the investment subsequently led to the formation of excessive risk of asset bubbles liquidity crisis model (J. Sachs, 1998) , focusing on its own financial system from instability to explain the formation mechanism of
"twin crises" (Kaminsky & Reinhart, 1998), empirical research from the banking crisis and currency crisis in the inherent link between. Second, the financial crisis and lessons of international experience Historically, typical of early financial crisis, the Netherlands, "Tulip Fever", the South Sea Bubble in England, France and the United States of the Mississippi bubble in 1929 and so on of the Great Depression. Due to limited space, this article only to recall the 20th century have occurred since the 90's a major financial crisis, and attempts to find financial crisis led to the common factors that prevent financial crises in our country for reference. (A) a total of 90 occurred during the five major financial crisis, according to chronological order as follows: 1. in the European currency crisis The early 90s, the two Germanys merged. In order to develop the eastern part of the regional economy, Germany in June 16, 1992 to raise its discount rate to 8.75 percent. The results mark the exchange rate began to rise, causing the European exchange rate mechanism of the instability as long as 1 year. The outbreak of the financial crisis after another, pound sterling and Italian lira were forced to withdraw from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. European currency crisis in the European Economic and Monetary integration process. On the surface, is due to Germany to raise the discount rate arising from a separate, but their deep-seated reason is that EU member states co-ordination of monetary policy, thereby fundamentally contrary to the Joint floating exchange rate system requirements, and macroeconomic policy does not Coordination with EU Member States the difference between economic development are closely linked. 2. financial crisis in Mexico. December 20, 1994, the Mexican peso against the U.S. dollar suddenly announced fluctuations of the exchange rate will be extended to 15%, as the economy's long-term accumulation of contradictions in the market would trigger a crisis of confidence, the result of people selling their pesos, early in 1995, the peso devaluation 30%. Subsequent stock market drop. Substantial depreciation of the peso and the inflation caused by input, so that in order to stabilize the currency, a substantial increase in Mexican interest rates, the result of reduced domestic demand, a large number of enterprises closed down, unemployment increased. In the international assistance and the efforts of the Government of Mexico, Mexico's financial crisis began to ease after 1995. Mexico's financial crisis for three main reasons: First, the scale of debt,
Secondly, the current account deficit continued, resulting in lack of reserve assets, Third, the rigid exchange rate regime can not adapt to the needs of economic development. 3. years of the Asian financial crisis The Asian financial crisis was a sharp devaluation of the Thai currency in Asia, the formation of a domino effect. The financial crisis affected the scope and duration, the effects of history are rare, not only in Southeast Asian countries resulted in the currency markets, the stock market turbulence, a large number of financial institutions collapse, rising unemployment, economic recession, but also spread to the world other regions of the global economy has had a significant impact. The Asian financial crisis, involving many different countries, the reasons for the outbreak of the crisis also differ. However, the occurrence of the Asian financial crisis is not accidental, there are many different countries induced by common factors arising from the financial crisis, such as macro-economic imbalances, the fragile financial system, capital market openness and control, currency convertibility and financial market development and other non-conforming issue
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急~请问“行为经济学”和“行为金融学”的英文翻译。求几篇关于“情绪影响股票投资”的英文文献。。
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Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization://www.sciencedirect://www，可以下载PDF的/science，具体地址在ScienceDirect里面.我也只找到这一篇
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Daniel Kahneman and Behavioral Economics
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Corporate Financial Management Based On The Analyses of Behavioral Finance
公司财务管理的行为金融学分析
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出门在外也不愁次贷危机金融业3000字英文文献翻印带中英求好心大大帮忙很着急很着急,哥您别纯机器翻,要能看的.短消息给我,十分着急,谢谢,绝对所有分都给您.著作关于次贷危机金融业的就可以奥 对了，_百度作业帮
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次贷危机金融业3000字英文文献翻印带中英求好心大大帮忙很着急很着急,哥您别纯机器翻,要能看的.短消息给我,十分着急,谢谢,绝对所有分都给您.著作关于次贷危机金融业的就可以奥 对了，
次贷危机金融业3000字英文文献翻印带中英求好心大大帮忙很着急很着急,哥您别纯机器翻,要能看的.短消息给我,十分着急,谢谢,绝对所有分都给您.著作关于次贷危机金融业的就可以奥 对了，要带书名 作者 出版社 版本号 大家顺手的事了
美国次贷危机在全世界都产生了影响,不仅扰动了金融市场,而且影响了实体经济.本文对美国次贷危机的成因进行了深入探究.成因主要包括四大方面：第一,美国中产阶级的超前消费方式埋下了危机的种子；第二,美国银行和金融机构的违规操作成为危机的祸根；第三,美联储的宽松的货币政策是危机的催化剂；第四,对金融机构放松监管是导致危机的重要因素.通过对美国次贷危机成因的探讨,了解了金融危机发生的机理,丰富了对金融危机的认识,从而引出了次贷危机对我国经济发展的警示：首先,我们应该居安思危,增强防范意识；其次,对我国房贷市场敲响警钟；再次加强对银行和金融业的监管；最后,对于美国振兴经济措施中的经验进行学习借鉴以及对我国经济发展的启示.2007年夏季,美国次贷危机发生以来,已经引发了全球性金融风波,对世界经济运行造成重大负面影响.世界经济形势发生的重大变化,已经对中国铝行业的发展产生重大影响.中国是目前世界上最大的铝生产和消费国,市场铝价格的暴跌,不仅对中国铝行业的生产经营造成重要影响,也将影响到相关产业,进而在一定程度上对整个国民经济运行产生影响.从目前形势分析,中国的铝行业是受次贷危机影响最大的领域,生产经营已经陷入困境,处于全行业亏损状态. 本文分析了次贷危机对我国铝行业的影响,并以中国铝业山东分公司阳泉矿为例通过对财务分析的主要内容、特点及方法的分析,对其整体财务状况和经营成果做出了评价,提出了在次贷危机下改进企业财务分析的建议,进而提高企业的竞争力. 全文共有五个部分：第一部分简要论述了本文的研究背景、选题的意义、国内研究现状以及本文的研究内容及方法；第二部分是我国铝行业发展现状的阐述,并且通过对宏观政策、供给需求的分析我国铝行业的影响因素；第三部分是在前两部分研究的基础上主要阐述了次贷危机对铝行业的传导及影响分析；第四部分在结合真实财务数据的基础上,分析阳泉矿在次贷危机中财务的优势及存在的问题,对整体财务状况和经营成果做出了评价.并且实地研究分析结合中国铝业山东分公司阳泉矿在次贷危机下的财务计划,分析次贷危机对中国铝业山东分公司阳泉矿的影响；第五部分在综合考虑了次贷危机的影响和企业的实际情况的基础上,提出了中国铝业山东分公司阳泉矿在次贷危机下的改进措施.商业银行危机是对银行价值或目标造成的一种威胁和危害,不仅威胁带商业银行基本目标的实现,而且会造成商业银行组织体系紊乱,给商业银行带来经济、财产上的巨大损失.进一步地,由于商业银行危机具有巨大的传递效应,尤其是在当今信息传播渠道多元化、速度高速化的情形下,商业银行一旦发生危机会迅速公开,会引起公众恐慌和社会动荡.2007年2月,美国第二大次贷机构新世纪金融（New Century Financial Corporation）宣布2006年第四季度业绩将出现亏损,美国次贷危机浮出水面.在随后的一年多时间里,次贷风险全面暴露,住房抵押贷款公司濒临破产,对冲基金被迫清盘,投资银行宣布亏损,商业银行和保险机构也遭受了重大损失,全球股市应声下跌,次贷引发的信用风险最终演变成一场全球性金融危机.探究本轮次贷危机的成因可以使我们从危机中吸取教训,在我国积极发展金融市场的同时,理性而审慎的对待发展过程中积累的风险,加强风险防范意识,提高风险管理能力,以保证我国金融市场的稳定健康发展.文章对美国次贷危机进行定性分析,首先论述次贷危机是美国政府监管缺失和银行内控机制的缺陷的共同作用的结果,然后结合我国银行业存在的问题,最后提出加强我国商业银行危机管理机制的一些对策性建议.The United States sub-loan crisis all over the world have had an impact, not only the financial market disturbance, but also affected the real economy. In this paper, sub-loan crisis in the United States causes an in-depth inquiry. The main causes include the four major areas: First, the United States ahead of the middle class consumption patterns planted the Secondly, the United States banks and financial institutions operating irregularities become th Third, the Fed's accommodative monetary policy are a cat Fourth, deregulation of financial institutions are important factors that led to the crisis. Through the United States sub-loan crisis of the causes, understanding the mechanism of financial crisis, has enriched the understanding of the financial crisis, which leads to the sub-loan crisis on our country's economic development Alert: First of all, we should be vigilant in peace time, and enhance
followed by on the mortgage market our countr once again to strengthen the banking and financial Finally, for measures to revive the economy in the United States experience and learn from our country's economic development enlightenment. The summer of 2007, the U.S. sub-loan crisis has been triggered the global financial turmoil on the world economy have a significant negative impact on operation. The world economic situation the major changes has been on China's aluminum industry have a significant impact. China is now the world's largest producer and consumer of aluminum, the market's sharp fall in aluminum prices, not only for the aluminum industry in China resulted in an important impact on production and operation, will also affect the related industries, and to some extent, the entire operation of the national economy have an impact . From the analysis of the current situation, China's aluminum industry is affected by sub-loan crisis in the area of greatest impact, production and management has been in trouble, losing money in the entire industry.
This paper analyzes the sub-loan crisis on the impact of China's aluminum industry, and the Shandong branch of China's aluminum Yangquan mine as an example of the main elements of financial analysis, characteristics and methods of analysis, its overall financial position and operating results made evaluation of proposed sub-loan crisis in corporate financial analysis to improve the recommendations, thereby increasing the competitiveness of enterprises.
The full text of a total of five parts: the first part of this article briefly discusses the research background, the significance of choice, the domestic research, as well as the content of this article the second part of the development of China's aluminum industry of the status quo, and by macroeconomic policy, demand supply analysis of China's alumi The third part is the first of two parts on the basis of the principal on the loan crisis of the times of the conduction of the aluminum industry fourth part of the combination of real financial data on the basis of Analysis of Yangquan Coal Mine in the sub-loan crisis in the financial advantages and problems of the overall financial position and operating results of the evaluation made. Field research and analysis branch of Shandong Aluminum Industry in China Yangquan mine in the sub-loan crisis of the financial plans, analysis of sub-loan crisis Chalco Shandong branch of the impact of Y the fifth part of the meeting taking into account the impact of credit crisis and enterprises based on the actual situation, the Shandong branch of China's aluminum ore Yangquan in the sub-loan crisis of the improvement measures. Commercial banks on the banking crisis was caused by goal value or a threat and danger, not only a threat to commercial banks with the basic objective of the implementation, but will also cause commercial banking organization system disorders, give commercial banks the economy, on the great loss of property. Furthermore, the commercial banking crisis because of huge transmission has effect, in particular the dissemination of information in today's diversified, the speed of high-speed cases, the commercial bank crisis will happen quickly once open, will cause public panic and social unrest. In February 2007, the United States's second-largest credit institutions at New Century Financial (New Century Financial Corporation) announced fourth quarter 2006 results will be a loss, the United States sub-loan crisis surfaced. More than a year in subsequent years, the risk of overall loan exposure times, mortgage companies the verge of bankruptcy, forced liquidation of hedge funds, investment banks, announced losses of commercial banks and insurance agencies have also suffered heavy losses, global stock markets drop, sub - loan-induced credit risk eventually evolved into a global financial crisis. The current round of meetings to explore the causes of credit crisis can make us draw a lesson from the crisis in our country to actively develop the financial markets at the same time, rational and prudent approach to development process of the accumulation of risk, strengthen risk prevention awareness, improve risk management capabilities to ensure that China's financial market stability and healthy development. Sub-article of the United States to carry out a qualitative analysis of the crisis, the first sub-loan crisis on the United States are lack of government supervision and deficiencies in internal control mechanism, the banks of the combined effect of the results, then combining the existing problems of China's banking industry, the last of China's commercial banks to strengthen risk management mechanism for some of the proposed countermeasures.
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